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History of Tourism, Recreation Research and Education (TRREC)

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The Tourism, Recreation Research and Education Centre (TRREC) is an initiative at Lincoln University to facilitate interdisciplinary tourism, recreation and leisure research and education opportunities, particularly those that focus on public resource issues including the public sector interface with the tourism and recreation industries.

It also seeks to provide a single point of contact for tourism and recreation research and education inquiries.

Mission

To achieve excellence in:

interdisciplinary tourism and recreation research,
consultancy and education, and
to deliver outputs to the industry that are timely, relevant and easy to apply.

Reports and projects
TRREC research projects involve a number of collaborators including the Tourism Industry Association, the Ministry of Tourism, Landcare Research, Beca Carter Hollings and Ferner Ltd., and the Tourism and Leisure Group. These projects include FoRST-funded research. This work has produced an extensive collection of publications.

Staff members of TRREC have undertaken a number of consultancies for agencies including World Tourism Organisation (WTO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (NZ MFT).

What is TRREC?
The Tourism, Recreation Research and Education Centre (TRREC) is an initiative at Lincoln University to facilitate interdisciplinary tourism, recreation and leisure research and education opportunities, particularly those that focus on public resource issues including the public sector interface with the tourism and recreation industries.

Our mission is to achieve excellence in interdisciplinary tourism and recreation research, consultancy and education, and to deliver outputs to the industry that are timely, relevant and easy to apply.

TRREC Research Projects

• Enhancing Financial and Economic Yield in Tourism
TRREC (Lincoln University) in partnership with the Tourism Industry Association of New Zealand and the Ministry of Tourism are undertaking a three year programme to develop tools to enhance the financial and economic yield from tourism. Details.

• Tourism Planning in New Zealand
This research programme, funded by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology (FoRST), has as its goal the improved management of tourism growth and better guidelines to ensure its sustainability.

In July 26, 2004 the Minister of Tourism, Hon. Mark Burton, launched the tourism planning toolkit which is built on this research programme, at the Local Government Conference in Auckland.

This research programme, funded by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology (FoRST), has as its goal the improved management of tourism growth and better guidelines to ensure its sustainability.

Tourism planning is brought about by the integration of three key components: demand, supply and capacity. The project has first required the construction of a national model of tourism demand (see Analysing and Mapping Tourist Flows (PDF, 254 KB), and measuring and mapping industry supply responses. Capacity is measured by an in-depth analysis of four community case studies (Kaikoura, 1998; Rotorua, 1999; Westland, 2001; and Christchurch-Akaroa, 2003).

The goal of these case studies is to trace the current status of tourism, to evaluate adaptive and planning strategies, and to provide tools and models to assist Territorial Local Authorities and others in preparing and resourcing tourism plans.

• Environmental Indicators
Indicators of Acceptable Environmental Change for Tourism TRREC, in conjunction with Landcare Crown Research Institute (NZ), Beca Carter Hollings and Ferner Ltd., was award the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology (FoRST) contract to develop a set of indicators of acceptable environmental change for tourism in New Zealand.

This three-year study, completed in 2002, combined the tourism research strength of Lincoln University and Landcare Research with the implementation expertise of Beca, a multinational engineering and planning consultancy firm. Dr. Ken Hughey, the director of the research programme, explained the benefits of the study: “We will develop pragmatic guidelines which will enable the measurement, management and mitigation of tourism effect on the environment”.

A tourism industry liaison group directed key stakeholder inputs via workshops, run throughout the course of the programme. Updates on progress were made available through a series of articles and newsletters in addition to workshops with industry and tangata whenua. As part of the project a case study in West Coast tested draft guidelines for better management of nature-based tourism. The programme had an integrated approach and involved the identification of indicators that were relevant to the management of tourism at national, regional, and local level. This approach also linked the impact of tourist activities on natural assets. Sophisticated tourist flow models allowed characterisation of tourist types and volumes. Landcare Research provided additional expertise on modelling the biophysical impacts of tourism.
Outputs from the Environmental indicators programme has also been incorporated into the Tourism Planning Toolkit, Performance Indicators Toolbox.

• Energy and Resource Flows in the Tourism Sector
Eco-efficiency: Resource Consumption and Waste Production Associated with Tourism: a Case Study of the West Coast Tourism Corridor.
This pilot project is led by Landcare Crown Research Institute and seeks to measure the energy, water and materials flows through six groups within both the accommodation and transport sectors. The project leader is James Barringer. This theme has been largely initiated by Landcare Research and is aimed at producing a national-level model of energy-use (by tourist type) for tourism within New Zealand.
Estimates of gaseous emissions (and the increasing focus on the Kyoto agreement) and carbon sink (e.g., re-forestation) requirements to make the tourism industry “carbon neutral” are the key outcomes. International air travel has emerged as a significant concern and preliminary research is being conducted. At a local-level, energy / waste monitoring systems are being developed in partnership with Kaikoura and Hokitika communities. Working links have been established with the Green Globe (NZTIA) initiative. In addition, Landcare have funded a PhD scholarship through NSoF funding.
Research to date includes: Energy Use in the New Zealand Accommodation Sector - Report of a Survey Susanne Becken, September 2000 (PDF, 230 KB). Energy consumption of tourist attractions and activities in New Zealand - Summary Report of a Survey Susanne Becken, February 2001 (PDF, 147 KB).

• Rural and Small Business Tourism
TRREC has an ongoing association with Mr. Ray Sleeman of the Tourism and Leisure Group.
Current programmes include a review of official tourism statistics for Christchurch and Canterbury Marketing Ltd (CCML). This research programme will provide an up-to-date and comprehensive review of tourist visitation to the Christchurch / Canterbury region. This review will, in turn, provide a visitor arrival data template that will enable CCML to monitor effectively a range of visitor arrival performance indicators. Attention will be paid to international and domestic markets, existing forecasting studies and potential economic impacts (including events sector). Where possible, regional data will be included.

A series of rural tourism planning exercises has also been undertaken, and include the communities of Cheviot, Fairlie, Temuka and Lake Coleridge.

• Tourism and Development
Staff members of TRREC have undertaken a number of tourism planning, development and educational consultancies throughout the Asia Pacific region. Key agencies include: World Tourism Organisation (WTO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (NZ MFT).
Recent projects include:
ASEAN Eco-tourism ‘Train the Trainers’ workshops.
Training for Sarawak National Parks staff. This project involves the development and implementation of a three-year Certificate of Conservation and Eco-Tourism Management in conjunction with the Sarawak State Government, Malaysia.
The Khanchenjunga Conservation Area Tourism Plan in conjunction with WWF and Nepal.
Offshore consultancy and research is usually managed via Lincoln University’s consultancy firm – Lincoln International.

• Cultural Tourism
See Lincoln University’s Centre for Māori and Indigenous Planning and Development.

Members

Name	Title / Expertise
David G. Simmons	Head of Centre; Tourism Studies
Harvey C. Perkins	Deputy Head of Centre; Human Geography, Leisure Studies
Susanne Becken	Principal Research Officer
Kay Booth	Geography
Ross Cullen	Economics
Pat Devlin	Parks and Protected Area Management
John Fairweather	Rural Sociology
David Fisher	Tourism Studies
Ken Hughey	Environmental Management
Chris Kissling	Transport Studies
Hirini Matunga	Māori and Indigenous Planning and Development
Joanna Fountain	Tourism Studies
Ali Memon	Environmental Management and Design
Kevin Moore	Psychology / Tourism
Axel Reiser	Resource Efficiency
Michael Shone	Social Research
Simon Swaffield	Landscape Architecture

While research teams are built on a 'project by project' basis, TRREC has ongoing links with the following TRREC staff / members from outside agencies

Name	Title / Expertise

Geoff Butcher	Butcher Partners Ltd.
Andrew Dakers	ecoEng Ltd Ecological and agricultural engineering
Prof. Pip Forer	Spatial Analysis (GIS), Auckland University
Phil Hart	Landcare Research Ltd
Ray Sleeman	The Tourism and Leisure Group
Prof. David Thorns	Department of Sociology, University of Canterbury

Publications

New Tourism Planning Book! 2006

Understanding the Tourism Host-Guest Encounter in New Zealand: Foundations for Adaptive Planning and Management. Edited by David G. Simmons and John R. Fairweather.

This book provides a unique perspective on tourism planning and management. It makes its case by building a comprehensive picture of tourism development based on an examination of four key tourist destinations in New Zealand and locating these in contemporary national and global planning contexts.

Our focus on local destination area evaluation shows our commitment to examining tourism where it is most palpable: at the level of encounter between hosts and guests. To frame our research we have built a new model to take account of visitor flow dynamics; and the economic, environmental and social interactions that significantly shape both hosts' and guests' experience of tourism. In turn, destination area evolution, while grounded in local histories, geographies and politics, is also influenced by broader national goals and legislative tools.

The pathway to sustainable tourism recognises the necessity for participation processes to ensure locally-responsive, adaptive tourism management that connect local aspirations with national development objectives.

Kaikoura reports 1998

No.	Report Title	Authors
1	Kaikoura - Historical Overview	McAloon, J.; Simmons, D.G.; Fairweather, J.R.
2	Estimating the Number of Visitors to Kaikoura Over One Year By Developing A Vehicle Observation Method	Fairweather, J.R. Horn, C.M. Simmons, D.G.
3	Summertime Visitors to Kaikoura: Characteristics, Attractions and Activities	Simmons, D.G. Horn, C.M. Fairweather, J.R.
4	Visitor Decision Making, On-Site Spatial Behaviours, Cognitive Maps and Destination Perceptions: A Case Study of Kaikoura	Moore, K.; Simmons, D.G.; Fairweather, J.R.
5	Understanding Visitors' Experience in Kaikoura Using Photographs of Landscapes and Q Method	Fairweather, J.R.; Swaffield, S.; Simmons, D.G.
6	Evolution and Change in Kaikoura: Responses to Tourism Development	Horn, C.M.; Simmons, D.G.; Fairweather, J.R.
7	The Impact of Tourism on the Māori Community in Kaikoura	Henley, M.; Poharama, A.; Smith, A.; Simmons, D.G.; Fairweather, J.R.
8	The Economic Impact of Tourism on Kaikoura	Butcher, G.; Fairweather, J.R.; Simmons, D.G.
9	Visitor and New Zealand Fur Seal Interactions Along the Kaikoura Coast	Ward, J.; Booth, K.; Barton, K.; Simmons, D.G.; Fairweather, J.R.
10	Towards a Tourism Plan for Kaikoura	Simmons, D.G.; Fairweather, J.R.

Rotorua reports 2000

No.	Report Title	Authors
11	Not yet available
12	Visitors to Rotorua: Characteristics, Activities and Decision-making	Moore, K.; Fairweather, J.R.; Simmons, D.G.
13	Understanding Visitors' and Locals' Experience of Rotorua Using Photographs of Landscapes and Q Methods	Fairweather, J.R.; Swaffield, S.R., Simmons, D.G.
14	Evolving Community Response to Tourism and Change in Rotorua	Horn, C.; Fairweather, J.R.; Simmons, D.G.
15	Tourism and Māori Development in Rotorua	Tahana, N.; Grant, K.T.O.K.; Simmons, D.G.; Fairweather, J.R.
16	Interactions between Tourists and the Natural Environment: Impacts of Tourist Trampling on Geothermal Vegetation and Tourist Experiences at Geothermal Sites in Rotorua	Ward, J.; Burns, B.; Johnson, V.; Simmons, D.G.; Fairweather, J.R.
17	The Economic Impact of Tourism on Rotorua	Butcher, G.; Fairweather, J.R.; Simmons, D.G.
18	Tourism in Rotorua: Destination Evolution and Recommendations of Management	Simmons, D.G.; Fairweather, J.R.

Westland reports 2001

No.	Report Title	Authors
20	West Coast Visitor Report (2000)	Moran, D., Sleeman, R, Simmons, D.G.
21	Not yet available
22	Visitors to the West Coast: Characteristics, Attractions and Decision-Making	Moore, K., Simmons, D.G., Fairweather, J.R.
23	Visitors’ and Locals’ Experiences of Westland, New Zealand	Fairweather, J.R., Newton, B., Swaffield, S.R., Simmons, D.G.
24	Evolving Community Perceptions of Tourism in Westland	Moran, D., Simmons, D.G., Fairweather, J.R.
25	Tourism and Māori Development in Westland	Zygadlo, F.K., Matunga, H.P., Simmons, D.G., Fairweather, J.R.
26	The Economic Impact of Tourism on Westland District	Butcher, G., McDonald, G., Faiweather, J.R., Simmons, D.G.
27	Tourism, Water and Waste in Westland: Implications of Increasing Demand on Infrastructure	Cullen, R., Dakers, A., Fairweather, J.R., Simmons, D.G.
28	Evolving Role of Local Government in Promoting Sustainable Tourism Development on the West Coast	Cameron, A.M., Memon, A., Simmons, D.G., Fairweather, J.R.
29	Tourism in Westland: Challenges for Planning and Recommendations for Management	Simmons, D.G.; Fairweather, J.R.

Christchurch reports - 2003

No.	Report Title	Authors
30	Christchurch and Canterbury Visitor Profile and Forecasts	Sleeman, R, Simmons, D.G.
31	Not yet available
32	Visitors to Christchurch: Characteristics and Decision-Making	Moore, K., Simmons, D.G., Fairweather, J.R.
33	Visitors’ and Locals’ Views of Environment Management in Christchurch, New Zealand	Fairweather, J.R., Maslin, C., Swaffield, S.R., Simmons, D.G.
34	Community Perceptions of Tourism in Christchurch and Akaroa	Shone, M., Simmons, D.G., Faiweather, J.R.
35	The Values Associated with Maori-Centred Tourism in Canterbury	Zygadlo, F.K., McIntosh, A., Matunga, H.P., Fairweather, J.R., Simmons, D.G.
36	Māori Tourism: Concepts, Characteristics and Definition	Zygadlo, F.K., McIntosh, A., Matunga, H.P., Fairweather, J.R., Simmons, D.G.
37	The Economic Impact of Tourism on Christchurch City and Akaroa Township	Butcher, G., Faiweather, J.R., Simmons, D.G.
38	Tourism: Waste and Water in Akaroa: Implications of Tourist Demand on Infrastructure	Cullen, R., Dakers, A., McNicol, J., Meyer-Hubbert, G. Fairweather, J.R., Simmons, D.G.
39	Tourism in Christchurch and Akaroa: Challenges for Planning and Recommendations for Management	Simmons, D.G., Fairweather, J.R., Shone, M.C.
	Christchurch City Destination Benchmarking Survey 2001 - Final Report

Environmental reports

No.	Report Title	Authors
40	Issues and Indicators of Acceptable Change: a study of visitors’ and stakeholders’ concerns about three natural attractions in the Paparoa area, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand (2001)	Johnson, V., Ward, J., Hughey, K.
41	Biophysical Impacts of Tourism: An Annotated Bibliography (2001)	Crawford, K., Phillips, J., Ward, J., Hughey, K.
42	Environmental Indicators of Tourism Impacts on Three Natural Assets on the West Coast, Aotearoa, New Zealand (2001)	Urlich, S., Ward, J., Hughey, K.
43	Methodologies for Measuring Thresholds of Change from Tourism Impacts on New Zealand Natural Assets	Ward, J., Hughey, K. (eds.)
44	Best Practice Policies for Local Government Management of Natural Assets Developed for Tourists	Montgomery, R.L. Hughey, K.F.D. Wason, K.M. Lovell, P.J.
45	An Inventory of Natural Asset Monitoring Tools: With recommendations for visitor impact monitoring applications	Hughey, K.F.D. Coleman, D.

Other reports

No.	Report Title	Authors
50	Conflict between sea-kayakers and motorised watercraft users along the Abel Tasman National Park coastline, New Zealand	Hawke, N., Booth, K.
53	Green Globe 21 Kaikoura Community Benchmarking Pilot Study. (2001)	McNicol, J., Shone, M. Horn, C.
54	Tourism and Transport in New Zealand: Implications for Energy Use. (2002)	Becken, S.
55	Sustainable Management of Natural Assets Used for Tourism in New Zealand. (2002)	Hughey, K.F.D. Ward, J.
56	Emerging Tourism Planning Processes and Practices in New Zealand: A local and regional perspective. (2003)	Jones, T. Shone, M.C. Memon, A.
57	Tourism, Water, Wastewater and Waste Services in Small Towns	Cullen, R., Dakers, A. Meyer-Hubbert, G.
58	Tourism, growth and infrastructure demands: data review and gap analysis	Dakers, Andrew J. Simmons, David G.

Educational resources

Title

Tourism in Kaikoura: an Educational Resource (Book)
by David Wright and edited by David Simmons and Peter Smith. Lincoln University / Educational Solutions Ltd. 1999
Packed full of maps, diagrams, tables and exercises

Tourism in New Zealand: International Visitors on the Move (Poster)
This excellent poster contains a series of colour maps portraying how international tourists move around New Zealand. It is made up of six components - the first visit, who is visiting, first month in NZ, length of visit, where visitors go, and immediate links for Gisborne and Queenstown - each with map(s) and/or graph and accompanying commentary. 840 x 600mm

Tourism Planning in Kaikoura (Poster)
This attractive full-colour poster features a diagram showing the interactions between the visitor, environmental, economic and community impacts of tourism, along with planning tools. It includes a photo montage of Kaikoura scenes. 840 x 600mm

Free PDF documentation

No.	Report Title	Authors
2	Estimating the Number of Visitors to Kaikoura Over One Year By Developing A Vehicle Observation Method	Fairweather, J.R.; Horn, C.M.; Simmons, D.G.
10	Towards a Tourism Plan for Kaikoura, September 1998	David Simmons and John Fairweather,
	Energy Use in the New Zealand Accommodation Sector Report of a survey. September 2000	Susanne Becken
	Energy consumption of tourist attractions and activities in New Zealand Summary report of a survey, February 2001	Susanne Becken
18	Tourism in Rotorua: Destination Evolution and Recommendations of Management July 2001	David Simmons and John Fairweather
29	Tourism in Westland: Challenges for Planning and Recommendations for Management July 2001	David Simmons and John Fairweather
30	Christchurch and Canterbury Visitor Profile and Forecasts January 2003	Ray Sleeman, David G. Simmons
34	Community Perceptions of Tourism in Christchurch and Akaroa	Shone, M., Simmons, D.G., Faiweather, J.R.
36	Māori Tourism: Concepts, Characteristics and Definition	Zygadlo, F.K., McIntosh, A., Matunga, H.P., Fairweather, J.R., Simmons, D.G.
37	The Economic Impact of Tourism on Christchurch City and Akaroa Township April 2003	Geoff Butcher, John R. Fairweather, David G. Simmons
38	Tourism, Water and Waste in Akaroa: Implications of Tourist Demand on Infrastructure November 2003	Ross Cullen, Andrew Dakers, Jeska McNicol, Gerit Meyer-Hubbert, David G. Simmons, John R. Fairweather
39	Tourism in Christchurch and Akaroa: Challenges for Planning and Recommendations for Management Nov. 2003	David Simmons, John Fairweather and Michael Shone
53	Green Globe 21 Kaikoura Community Benchmarking Pilot Study , 2002	Jeska McNicol, Michael Shone, and Chrys Horn
54	Tourism and Transport in New Zealand: Implications for Energy Use 2002	Susanne Becken
55	Sustainable Management of Natural Assets Used for Tourism in New Zealand. (2002)	Hughey, K.F.D. Ward, J.
56	Emerging Tourism Planning Processes and Practices in New Zealand: A local and regional perspective. (2003)	Jones, T. Shone, M.C. Memon, A.
57	Tourism, Water, Wastewater and Waste Services in Small Towns 2004	Cullen, R., Dakers, A. Meyer-Hubbert, G.
58	Christchurch City Destination Benchmarking Survey 2001 - Final Report	Prepared by The Tourism & Leisure Group Limited for Christchurch and Canterbury Marketing
59	Managing Tourism in the Face of Peak Oil, 2007	Susanne Becken
59	Rights of Public Access to the Foreshore: a study of public awareness and opinions, 2004	Brendan Doody, Kay Booth

Occasional papers in parks, recreation and tourism

No.	Report Title	Authors
1	St James Walkway Study, 1989. (The results of a five year longitudinal study of the use, impacts and user perceptions on the St James Walkway)	D. Simmons and G. Cessford
2	Women and Recreation in Aotearoa/New Zealand: an annotated bibliography, 1991 (A bibliographical resource containing over 300 references)	C. Simpson
3	A Review of Trends in Walkway Use, 1990 (Selected New Zealand and overseas findings)	R. Balfour
4	Recreation, Leisure and Social Policy, 1990. (A paper prepared for the Royal Commission on Social Policy)	G. Cushman and A. Laidler
5	Liberal Ideology and its Relationship to Leisure Theory and Policy: the case of Australia, 1991. (An analysis of liberal ideology and its relationship to leisure in Australia. G.Cushman and A. Laidler, 1990)	G.Cushman, A. Purvis, and D. Rickhards
6	The 1990 Recreation Personnel Study: Recreation Personnel Employed in the Central and Local Government, Voluntary and Tertiary Education Sectors in New Zealand, 1991. (A report prepared for the Recreation Association of New Zealand)	H. Perkins and A. Hindson


7	Leisure and Recreation in New Zealand: A research, register, 1974-1991. (Over 1100 research entries either published, unpublished or in progress. Includes a Researcher/Practitioner listing)	B. Rickerby and J. King in association with G.Cushman and C. Simpson
8	"Parks or Playgrounds?": An analysis of the Concept of Tongariro National Park	Hedley, Simon
9	Outdoor Education in Aotearoa/New Zealand. (This bibliography lists over 300 published and unpublished works relating to outdoor education in Aotearoa/New Zealand. A short annotation accompanies each entry. The index lists all topic areas and additional commonly used terms for ease of use. An essential research for researchers and students of outdoor education)	P. Lynch, R. Massam and C. Peebles
10	Garden Tourism and Its Potential Organisation in Canterbury. (A review of garden tourism and administrative structures for its development in Canterbury)	R.P. Thomas, G. Porteous and D.G. Simmons
11	Tourism and Sustainability: Unfolding Local Identities; Shifting Global Challenges, 1996. (Papers presented in the tourism strand of the Sociological Association of Aotearoa/New Zealand conference in 1995)	T. Berno
Student Papers in Parks, Recreation and Tourism
No.	Report Title	Authors
S1	Interpretation for Children, 1989. (A look at why we interpret the environment and how we can do this effectively for children)	L. Burns, M. Edgington and M. Somerville
S2	Interpreting of History, 1989. (Human history requires special consideration when being interpreted)	Cessford, Gordon (Ed). A White, J Gardiner & D Francis
S3	Synchronised slide presentations, 1989.	Tony Lilleby
S4	Sagarmatha National Park, 1989. (The establishment of this national park with its high levels of tourism and Sherpa inhabitants poses many management problems)	B. Jefferies and L. Sherpa

For More Information

Contact:

Professor David G. Simmons (Director) or:
Michelle Collings (Project Administrator)

Over the last ten years Lincoln University through the Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre (TRREC) has been involved with many tourism related projects for the private and public sectors as well as not for profit organisations. These projects involved new research to provide enhanced understanding of the tourism industry, development of resources for use by agencies in planning and strategic and business planning to improve analysis and performance.

With the introduction of LEaP the Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre is incorporated within the Tourism Business and Communities area of LEaP.

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